LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

GIF-T  OF- 

^;..3■Wy<^^ Y^..  .iP«l/S.s-^vfe '^^AAA.^r' 

Class          7<^04 

■J>\^'6 

THE  CONSTRUCTION  WITH  lUBEO 


A  Portion  of  a  Dissertation  treating  of  the  Construction 
with  Verbs  of  Commanding 


PRESENTED   TO  THE  BOARD   OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES 

OF   THE  JOHNS    HOPKINS    UNIVERSITY   FOR   THE 

DEGREE    OF   DOCTOR    OF   PHILOSOPHY, 

1898, 


BY 


WILLIAM  BERNEY  SAFFOLD. 


BALTIMORE: 

JOHN    MURPHY   COMPANY, 

1902. 


Digitized by»  the  int^Viet  Archive 

in  2007  with(\fiinding  from 

l\/licroso|t  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/constructionwithOOsaffrich 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Introduction 5 

Accusative  and  Infinitive 7 

Simple  Infinitive 9 

Subjunctive  with  Ut  or  Ne 22 

Simple  Subjunctive 33 

Tables 41 


117632 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  WITH  lUBEO, 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  object  of  this  investigation  has  been  to  ascertain  the  facts 
with  regard  to  the  mood  of  the  clause  depending  upon  iuheo^  i.  e., 
whether  this  is  an  infinitive  with  subject  accusative,  an  infinitive 
with  omitted  subject  (simple  infinitive),  a  subjunctive  with  ut  or  ne, 
or  a  simple  subjunctive,  and  the  reasons,  where  there  are  any,  for 
the  use  of  the  same.  With  this  end  in  view,  the  works  of  a 
number  of  authors,^  representing  different  periods  and  different 
departments  of  literature  have  been  examined  and  their  usage 
given. 

In  the  case  of  the  simple  infinitive,  the  subjunctive  with  ut  or 
ne,  and  the  simple  subjunctive,  the  results  obtained  by  this  exami- 
nation have  been  stated  both  generally  and  specifically,  that  is, 
general  observations,  conclusions,  and  statistics  are  given,  and  then 
each  author's  use  of  the  construction  in  question,  together  with 
quotations  of  the  more  important  examples,  critical  and  explana- 
tory notes,  etc.  These  details  were  not  thought  necessary  in  the 
case  of  the  accusative  and  infinitive.  Tables  giving  a  compre- 
hensive view  of  the  range  of  each  construction  will  be  found 
on  p.  41  ff. 

Etymology  of  iubeo. 

An  etymology  of  iubeo  which  has  found  much  favor  is  that 
which  derives  it  from  ius-habeo.  So  Breal  and  Bailly,  Diet. 
Etymol.  Lat.  s.  v.  On  trouve  iovbeatis  dans  le  S^natus-consulte 
des  Bacchanals.  Nous  en  pouvons  conclure  que  la  premiere  syllable 
€tait  longue  h  Forigine.     "^Joubeo  est  pour  *joy>sbeo,  qui  lui-m^me 

*  The  order  in  which  these  authors  have  been  arranged  in  the  following  pages 
is  in  the  main  chronological. 

5 


6  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

vient  de  jous-habeo.  La  premiere  syllable  du  second  term  a  et§ 
supprim^e,  comme  dans  pergo  pour  per-rigo.  Pour  la  difference 
de  conjugaison  entre  habeo  et  son  compost  jubeo,  cf.  lego  et  intellego. 
See  also  Wolfflin,  Archiv  f.  Lat.  Lexikog.  6,  434,  where,  speak- 
ing of  the  disputed  reading  at  Bell.  Hisp.  27.  4,  he  says :  "  Wenn 
Terenz  in  der  Hec.  243  sagen  konnte 

Etsi  scio  ego,  PhiMmena,  meum  ius  esse  ut  te  cogam 

Quae  ego  Imperem  facere,  6go  tamen  patrio  animo  victus  fdciam 

So  konnte  man  natiirlich  auch  sagen  iubeo  (=  ius  habeo)  ut  facial 
quae  imperem. 

"  So  oft  in  der  Formel  velitis  iubeatis  ut,  Cic.  de  domo  44,  47, 
Pis.  72,  Verr,  2. 161  Senatus  decrevit  populusque  iussit  ut  statuaa 
Yerris  quaestores  demoliendas  locarent.'* 

However  well  this  may  apply  to  the  particular  cases  mentioned, 
it  does  not  meet  all  demands,  for  an  examination  of  a  large  number 
of  examples  has  failed  to  show  that  iubeo  has  different  meanings 
according  as  it  is  followed  by  the  infinitive  or  subjunctive.  Be- 
sides, jy^  habeo  would  more  probably  have  yielded  "^juribeo.  A 
more  probable  etymology  is  that  which  derives  this  word  from 
yUrdh-eyo,  from  the  root  yeu-  with  the  formative  suffix  -dh-.  See 
Lindsay,  Lat.  Lang.,  481. 

Authors  whose  Works  have  been  Examined. 

Plautus  (Goetz  and  SchoelP),  Terence  (Dziatzko),  Enniu» 
(Baehrens),  Lucretius  (Munro),  Catullus  (L.  Miiller),  Caesar 
Corpus  (Hoffmann),  Cicero  (Miiller),  Auc.  ad  Herenn.  (Miiller), 
Sallust  (Jordan),  Nepos  (Dietsch),  Yergil  (Ribbeck),  Tibullus 
(Hiller),  Propertius  (Baehrens),  Horace  (Keller  and  Holder),. 
Livy  (Weissenborn),  Vitruvius  (Rose  and  Miiller-Striibing),  Ovid 
(Merkel-Ehwald),  Phaedrus  (L.  Miiller),  Persius  (Jahn-Buecheler),^ 
Curtius  (Yogel),  Petronius  (Buecheler),  Lucan  (Hosius),  Pliny  the 
Elder  (Jan),  Martial  (Gilbert),  Tacitus  (Halm),  Juvenal  (Jahn- 
Buecheler),  Florus  (Halm),   Suetonius   (Roth),   Gellius  (Hertz), 

^  The  names  in  the  parentheses  indicate  that  these  texts  were  used  as  a  rule  itt 
the  inyestigation. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  7 

Ampelius  (Wolfflin),  Tertullian  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles.  Lat.  xx.  i^), 
Arnobius  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles.  Lat.),  Scriptores  Historiae  Au- 
gustae  (Peter),  F.  Maternus  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles.  Lat.),  Lactantius 
(Corp.  Script.  Eccles.  Lat.  xix^),  Juvencus  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles. 
Lat.),  Eutropius  (Dietsch),  Dictys  (Meister),  Ammianus  Mar- 
cellinus  (Gardthausen),  S.  Severus  (Halm),  Aurelius  Victor, 
Pseudo-Aurelian  (De  Origine,  Sepp — De  Viris  Illastribus,  Keil), 
Augustine  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles,  Lat.  xxv  1  and  2*),  Porphyrio 
(Meyer),  Macrobius  (Eyssenhardt),  Orosius  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles. 
Lat.  v),  Sedulius  (Corp.  Script.  Eccles.  Lat.  x),  Dares  (Meister), 
Vulgate  (Loch). 

THE  ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE. 

The  prevailing  construction  with  iuheo  is,  as  is  well  known,  the 
accusative  and  infinitive  when  iubeo  is  active  and  the  passive  and 
infinitive  (or  nominative  and  infinitive)  when  it  is  passive.  In 
proof  of  this,  if  proof  is  needed,  it  will  be  sufficient  to  state  that 
the  number  of  instances  of  this  construction  in  the  authors  whose 
works  have  been  examined  is  three  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
forty-one,  while  the  combined  total  of  all  the  other  possible  con- 
structions (simple  infinitive,  subjunctive  with  ut  or  we,  simple 
subjunctive)  is  but  four  hundred  and  eight.  The  construction 
that  comes  next  is  the  simple  infinitive  with  two  hundred  and 
ninety-four,  then  the  subjunctive  with  ut  or  ne  with  seventy-seven, 
and  last  the  simple  subjunctive  with  thirty-seven. 

This  predominance  is  limited  neither  in  period  nor  department 
of  literature,  for  it  is  found  in  prose  and  verse,  in  anteclassical, 
classical,  and  post-classical  writers,  in  history  and  theology,  in 
biography,  and  oratory.  In  fact,  not  one  of  these  authors  uses 
any  other  construction  so  often. 

For  the  statistics  showing  the  use  of  this  construction,  see  the 

^  This  contains  De  spectaculis,  De  idolatria,  De  oratione,  De  ieiunio  adversus 
psychichos,  De  baptismo,  De  pudicitia,  De  anima,  Ad  nationes,  Scorpiace. 

^  This  contains  Institutiones  Divinae  and  the  Epitome. 

'  This  contains  De  util.  credendi,  De  duabus  animabus,  De  nat.  boni,  Contra 
Fortunatum,  Contra  Faustum,  Contra  Felicem,  Contra  Adimantum,  Contra  Epist. 
Fund.,  Contra  Secund. 


8  The  Construction  with  Ivheo. 

table  on  page  41,  and  for  the  authors  and  passages,  where  some 
other  construction  is  employed  instead,  see  the  appropriate  sections 
in  the  following  pages. 

Dative  and  Infinitive. 

At  Catullus  66, 140  Ellis  finds  an  instance  of  the  dative  and 
infinitive  with  iuheo.     He  punctuates  thus  : 

At  non  haec  quondam  nobis  promissa  dedisti 
Voce  :  mihi  non  haec  miserae  sperare  iubeo. 

And  adds,  mihi,  dative  with  iuheo  as  in  Cicero,  Caesar,  and  other 
good  authors. 

Riese,  however,  correctly  makes  the  dative  depend  upon  dedisti, 
placing  a  comma  after  mihi,  and  in  doing  this  he  is  in  accord  with 
Baehrens,  Schmalz  and  others.     See  Riese's  note  to  the  passage. 

At  Tacitus  Ann.  4,  72  Nipperdey  cites  Curtius  5,  6,  8  and  10, 
8,  4  as  instances  of  the  dative  with  iuheo.  In  both  places  the 
accusative  is  now  read.     See  the  text  of  Vogel. 

Instances  of  this  construction,  however,  are  to  be  found  at 
Juvencus  2,  11 ;  3,  93  Discipulis  tunc  inde  iubet  conscendere 
navem : 

Am.  Marcel.  26,  8,  12;  26,  8,  5;  27,  11,  4;  Dares  Phrygius 
37  iubet  eis  dicere;  Vulgate  II  Mach.  5,  12;  I  Mach.  1,  54; 
Act.  24,  23  iussitque  Centurioni  custodire  eum. 

Passive  and  Infinitive. 

The  infinitive  is  as  much  the  rule  when  iuheo  is  passive  as  when 
it  is  active.  It  is  somewhat  surprising,  however,  that  some  authors 
make  little  or  no  use  of  it.     Compare  for  instance 

ACC,  AND  INPIN.  PASS.  AND  INPIN. 

Plautus 179  instances.  No  instances. 

Terence 30         "  1         " 

Caesar 168         ''  4         '* 

Nepos 20        "  2        " 

Petronius 50         "  2         " 


The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

AGO.  AND  INFIN. 

Lactantius 24  instances. 

Juvencus 35         " 


with 


PASS. 

AND  INFIN, 

1  instance. 

1 

ti 

301 

41 

10 

8 

12 

42 

Livy 713 

Am.  Marcel 82  " 

Juvenal 21  " 

Horace 20  " 

Lucan 37  " 

Cicero 304  " 


SIMPLE  INFINITIVE. 

To  determine  what  is  a  simple  infinitive  is  a  matter  of  very- 
great  difficulty,  for  in  every  instance  where  the  accusative  has 
been  omitted  it  is  possible  with  more  or  less  difficulty  to  supply  it. 
It  is  therefore  largely  a  matter  of  individual  opinion  as  to  whether 
in  any  given  instance  the  omission  of  the  subject  is  sufficiently 
striking  to  entitle  the  construction  to  be  regarded  as  an  instance  of 
the  simple  infinitive. 

To  prove  this,  one  has  but  to  compare  the  statistics  that  are 
given  by  any  two  scholars  as  to  the  number  of  times  this  construc- 
tion is  found  in  an  author.  An  examination  of  the  lexicons  to 
Csesar  by  Meusel  and  Merguet  will  show  this  quite  clearly. 

More  than  this,  the  same  scholar  often  does  not  seem  to  be 
altogether  consistent  in  his  own  classification.  Take  for  examina- 
tion Meusel  again.  It  will  be  seen,  if  an  examination  is  made, 
that  there  is  no  hard  and  fast  line  of  demarcation  between  what 
he  considers  an  accusative  and  infinitive  and  a  simple  infinitive. 
This  is  true  to  even  a  greater  extent  of  Eger  in  his  "  De  Infin. 
Curt."  Compare  for  example  3,  13,  8,  qui  intentiora  cura  suos 
quasi  ad  iustum  proelium  panels  adhortatus  equis  calcaria  iubet 
subdere  et  acri  impetu  in  hoetem  evehi,  which  he  calls  a  simple 
infinitive  with  9,  6,  16,  itaque  singulos  familiarius  am  plexus  con- 
«idere  iubet,  which  he  does  not  so  classify. 

Again,  in  such  expressions  as  signa  canere  inhere,  it  is  often  a 
matter  for  each  investigator  to  decide  whether  signa  is  to  be  taken 


10  The  Construction  with  luheo, 

as  subject  or  object.  See,  for  example  Sallust  C.  59, 1  haec  ubi 
dixit,  paululum  conmoratus  signa  canere  iubet  and  Kritz  ad  loc, 
who  says  that  signa  here  is  the  subject.  Compare  with  this,  how- 
ever, another  passage  from  the  same  author,  where  signa  is  unde- 
niably the  object,  i.  e.,  J.  99, 1,  item  cohortium  turmarum  legionum 
tubicines  simul  omnis  signa  canere  .  .  .  iubet. 

The  difficulty  is  even  greater  in  the  case  of  Livy,  who  uses, 
apparently  at  will,  cornicines  (or  tubicines)  canere  e.  g.  2,  64, 10; 
37,  29  etc. ;  signa  canere  10,  20,  9  ;  10, 19, 12  etc. ;  receptui  canere 
29,  7,  6  ;  30,  34, 11  etc. ;  cani  receptui  26,  6,  7 ;  32,  42, 1. 

In  such  cases  little  more  can  be  done  than  to  endeavor  to  find 
what  is  the  prevailing  practice  of  the  author  under  consideration^ 
and  to  classify  accordingly. 

Further,  the  text  is  often  in  doubt  with  reference  to  pronuntiare 
and  similar  words.  If  the  passive  is  read,  all  claims  for  the 
simple  infinitive  vanish  at  once.  See  Caes.  B.  G.  5,  33,  3  y 
5,  34,  1 ;  B.  C.  2,  25,  6  (pronuntiare  or  pronuntiari  ?)  :  B.  G. 
5,  50,  5  ;  2,  5,  6  ;  B.  C.  3,  65,  4  (munire  or  muniri)  :  B.  C.  3, 13,  3 
(metare  or  metari  ?)  etc. 

In  instances  like  these  the  best  text,  where  there  is  one,  has  been 
followed. 

Since  it  is  then  so  largely  a  matter  of  individual  judgment  a& 
to  what  is  a  simple  infinitive,  it  becomes  necessary  to  state  what 
system  has  been  employed  in  this  investigation.  This  statement 
will  of  necessity  be  quite  general  in  character,  since  there  are  but 
few  instances  in  which  the  subject  is  omitted  under  exactly  the 
same  circumstances. 

The  omission  of  the  subject  in  the  following  cases  has  been 
regarded  as  entitling  the  constructions  to  be  called  an  example  of 
the  simple  infinitive. 

I.  When  the  identity  of  the  subject  is  revealed  by  the  nature 
of  the  command  e.  g.  praecones  by  iubet  pronuntiare  Caes.  B.  G. 
5,  33,  3 ;  B.  C.  2,  25,  6  :  tubicines  by  signa  canere  iubet  Sail.  C. 
59, 1 ;  Livy  10, 19, 12. 

II.  When  the  subject  is  indefinite.  See  the  Elder  Pliny 
18,  303  ;  28, 11 ;  30, 137,  and  the  philosophical  writings  of  Cicero, 
e.  g.  L.  1, 19  itaque  arbitrantur  prudentiam  esse  legem,  cuius  ea 
vis  sit,  ut  recte  facere  iubeat,  vetet  delinquere. 


The  Construction  mith  lubeo,  11 

III.  When  the  subject,  though  expressed  in  a  preceding  sentence^ 
does  not  appear  in  the  one  under  consideration.  Tac.  H.  3,  80,  4, 
eo  successu  studia  populi  aucta ;  vulgus  urbanum  arma  cepit. 
Paucis  scuta  militaria,  plures  raptis  quod  cuique  obvium  telis  sig- 
nura  pugnae  exposcunt.  Agit  grates  Vitellius  et  ad  tuendam 
urbem  prorumpere  iubet. 

IV.  When  the  subject  must  be  inferred  from  the  connection 
e.  g.  Ovid.  M.  14, 113-116, 

Dixit,  et  auro 
Fulgentem  ramum  silva  lunonis  Avernae 
Monstravit,  iussitque  suo  divellere  trunco. 
Paruit  Aeneas, 

H.  4, 10 — Ter  tecum  conata  loqui  ter  inutilis  haesit 
Lingua,  ter  in  primo  destitit  ore  sonus. 
Qua  licet  et  sequitur,  pudor  est  miscendus  amori. 
Dicere  quae  puduit,  scribere  iussit  amor. 

V.  Where  the  subject,  usually  a  personal  pronoun,  is  omitted 
in  dialogue.     See  the  instances  cited  under  Plautus  and  Terence. 

As  examples  may  be  cited 

Plautus  Most.  377  Tuos  venlt  pater  ? 

lube  abire  rdrsum. 
Mil.  1268 
Erdm  meam  eduxl  foras.  PY.  Vide6.  MI  lube  ergo  adlre. 

YI.   Numerous  instances  which  cannot  be  classified. 

Having  stated  thus  in  a  general  way  what  has  been  considered  a 
simple  infinitive,  it  remains  to  be  added  what  has  not  been  so 
considered. 

I.  Those  cases  where  two  or  more  infinitives,  joined  by  a  par- 
ticle, have  a  common  subject,  which  is  expressed  with  one  verb 
and  not  with  the  other  or  others. 

II.  Those  cases  in  which  the  subject  of  the  infinitive,  having^ 
been  expressed  in  a  preceding  clause,  is  not  repeated  e.  g.  Livy 
1,  27,  8  equitem  clara  increpans  voce,  ut  hostes  exaudirent,  redire 
in  proelium  iubet.  Caes.  B.  C.  1, 8, 1  reliquas  legiones  ex  hibernis 
evocat  et  subsequi  iubet. 

III.  Those  cases  in  which  there  is  an  adjective  or  participle  in 
agreement  with  the  unexpressed  subject,  e.  g.  Florus  1, 10,  8  et  rex 


12  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

quidem  tot  tantisque  virtutum  territus  monstris  valere  liberosque 
esse  iussit. 

According  to  this  system  of  classification  there  are  in  the  authors 
examined  two-hundred  and  ninety-four  examples  of  the  simple 
infinitive.  The  infinitive  in  the  majority  of  the  cases  is  active, 
the  proportion  being  a  :  p  :  219  :  75.  This  proves  that  there  is 
not,  as  has  been  sometimes  asserted,  greater  freedom  in  omitting 
the  subject  when  the  verb  is  passive. 

With  reference  to  the  matter  of  distribution,  it  is  observed  that 
it  is  of  more  frequent  occurrence  in  the  earlier  authors.  A  glance 
at  the  table  on  p.  43  will  show  that  the  construction  nearly  dies 
away  as  the  late  periods  of  Roman  literature  are  reached.  It  is 
used  with  great  freedom  in  colloquial  speech.  Note  the  fifty-one 
instances  in  Plautus  and  Terence.  It  occurs  frequently  in  Ovid, 
who  furnishes  some  of  the  best  examples  which  have  been  found. 
The  Scriptores  Historiae  Augustae  seem  to  make  a  special  effort  to 
avoid  it,  expressing  the  accusative  even  when  it  is  not  necessary. 
See  p.  20. 

Compare  also 

Vergil,    20  instances,  "j 

Ovid,       23        "         Vwith  Juvenal,  1  instance. 

Horace,     9        "         J 

^  n  •    X  -i  f  Tacitus,  1  instance. 

Cffisar,       9mstances,-|     j^  )       ^  ,, 

Curtius    22        "         /  )  ' 

'  ^  Am.Marcellinus,  no        " 

^.  An  '    2.  'J.U   ( Lactantius,        no  instances. 

Cicero,     49  instances,     with  <  ^     ,  . 

I  St.  Augustine,  no        " 


Studies  in  Detail  of  the  Authors  Using  the 
Simple  Infinitive. 

Plautus — 38  instances  (a.^  or  d.  25 — p.  13) 

Most.  377,  420,  426,  618;  Persa  269,  303,  314,  790;  Mil.  70, 
182,  981, 1034, 1268, 1278  ;  Men.  225,  776,  797  ;  Rud.  332,  659, 
1094;  St.  248;  Trin.  779;  Cure.  425,  626;  Epid.  69;  Aul.  244, 

^  a.  or  d.  indicates  that  the  infinitive  is  active  or  deponent,  p.  indicates  that 
the  infinitive  is  passive. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  13 

353 ;  As.  526,  594,  736 ;  True.  444,  556,  582,  583,  585 ;  Cas. 
280 ;  Merc.  777 ;  Amph.  frag.  xii. 

In  most  cases  the  omitted  accusative  is  a  personal  pronoun. 

Aul.  353 

STA.   Quid  vis  ?     STR.   H6s  ut  accipids  coquos 
Tiblcinamque  obs6niumque  in  ntiptias. 
Megadorus  iussit  Eticlioni  haec  mlttere. 

Rud.  1093 

TR,.    Sine  me  ut  occepi  loqui. 
SI  scelesti  illlus  est  hie  qu6ius  dico  vldulus, 
Ha6c  poterunt  novisse  :  ostendere  his  iube. 

Mil.  1268 

Eram  meam  eduxl  foras.     PY.  Vide6.     MI.   lube  ergo  adire. 

Terence — 13  instances  (a.  or  d.  5 — p.  8) 

And.  546,  687,  741,  955;  Phorm.  409,  414;  Ad.  416,  429; 
Haut.  775,  1001 ;  Eun.  262,  836 ;  Hec.  185. 

As  in  Plautus,  the  omitted  subject  is  nearly  always  a  personal 
pronoun. 
And.  687 

PA.  Mysls.    MY.  Quis  est  ?  ehem  Pdmphile,  mihi  te  6ptume 
oflPers.     PA.    Quid  id  est? 
MY.   Orare  iussit,  si  se  ames,  era,  idm  ut  ad 
sese  venias. 
And.  741 

CH.   Rev6rtor,  postquam  quae  6pus  fuere  ad  ntiptias 
Gnatae  paravi,  ut  itibeam  accersi. 

Eun.  836 

TH.  tJbi  is  est?     PY.  Em  ad  sinlsteram. 
Viden  ?     TH.  Video.     PY.   Conprendl  iube,  quanttim  potest, 

Caesar — 9  instances  (a.  or  d.  6 — p.  2 — a.  and  p.^  1) 

B.  G.  4,  37,  1 ;  5,  7,  7;  7,  60,  1  ;  B.  C.  1,  61,  4;  2,  20,  7 ;  2, 

34,  5 ;  3,  45,  4 ;  3,  69,  4 ;  3,  98,  2. 

B.  G.  5,  7,  7  Caesar  ....  magnam  partem  equitatus  ad  eum 

insequendum  mittit  retrahique  imperat;  si  vim  faciat  neque  pareat, 

interfici  iubet. 

^  a.  and  p.  indicates  that  there  are  two  infinitives,  one  active,  the  other  passive. 


14  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

B.  C.  2,  34,  5  Ille  unum  elocutus,  ut  memoria  tenerent  milites 
€a,  quae  pridie  sibi  confirmassent,  sequi  sese  iubet  et  praecurrit 
ante  omnes. 

There  are  seven  other  passages  which  may  be  regarded  as  con- 
taining a  simple  infinitive,  if  the  active  voice  is  read.  In  these 
the  subject  would  be  contained  in  the  verb,  pronuntiare,  munire, 
etc.,  being  the  person  or  persons  whose  particular  function  it  is  to 
perform  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb.  These  are  B.  G.  5,  33,  3 ; 
5,  34,  1 ;  B.  C.  2,  25,  6  pronuntiare :  B.  G.  5,  50,  5 ;  2,  5,  6 ; 
B.  0.  3,  65,  4  munire :  B.  C.  3,  13,  3  metare. 

Merguet  gives  seven  other  instances  of  the  simple  infinitive  in 
Caesar,  B.  G.  5,  1,  6 ;  7,  40,  3 ;  7,  64,  5 ;  B.  C.  1,  8, 1 ;  1,  14,  4 ; 
1,  37,  1 ;  1,  77,  1.  Of  these,  B.  C.  1,  77,  1,  an  instance  of  the 
incorporation  of  the  antecedent  in  the  relative  clause,  Caesar,  qui 
milites  venerant,  remitti  iubet,  has  the  best  claim  to  be  so  regarded. 
Cf.  B.  G.  5,  1,  6  Eo  cum  venisset,  civitatibus  milites  imperat  cer- 
tumque  in  locum  con  venire  iubet,  and  B.  C.  1,  8,  1  reliquas 
legiones  ex  hibernis  evocat  et  subsequi  iubet. 

Bellum  Gallicum — No  instance. 

Bellum  Alexandrinum — 1  instance  (a). 

68,  4  legionem  autem  eam,  quam  ex  genere  civium  suorum 
Deiotarus  armatura  disciplinaque  nostra  constitutam  habebat, 
€quitatumque  omnem  ad  bellum  gerendum  adducere  iussit. 

Bellum  Africanum — 1  instance  (a) 

34,6. 

Bellum  Hispaniense — 1  instance  (a) 

3,  6  ita  cum  ad  eum  venerunt,  iubet  binos  equos  conscendere,  et 
recta  per  adversariorum  praesidia  ad  oppidum  contendunt. 

Cicero — 49  instances  (a.  or  d.  41 — p.  8) 

Orations  20  (a.  or  d.  14— p.  6) 

Phil.  Writings  18  (      "       18—"  0) 

Ehet.       "  7  (     "         6—"  1) 

Letters  4  (      "         3—"  1) 

Orations— Quint.  31;  Yerr.  act.  2, 1.  1, 125;  138;  1.  2,  26;  1.  3, 
183;  1.4,66;  1.5,14;  104;  Caecin.  54;  88;  102;  Cluent.  134; 
Lex  Agr.  2,  28  ;  59 ;  Cat.  4,  7 ;  Dom.  83 ;  83 ;  Ligar.  12 ;  Phil. 
3,20;  13,6. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  15 

Cluent.  134  dixit  se  scire  ilium  verbis  conceptis  peierasse;  si 
quid  contra  vellet  dicere,  usurum  esse  eum  suo  testimonio :  delude 
cum  nemo  contra  diceret,  iussit  equum  traducere. 

Yerr.  act.  2,  1.  5,  104  poterone  eos  adficere  supplicio,  qui 
Cleomonem  secuti  sunt,  ignoscere  Cleomeni,  qui  secum  fugere  et 
se  consequi  iussit. 

Philosophical  Writings— L.  1, 19  ;  2,  24  ;  3, 11 ;  3,  29  ;  3,  42; 
D.  1,  20;  1,32;  1,62;  2,  77;  2,80;  R.  3,24;  F.  2,  1;  3,73; 
C.  41 ;  T.  1,  17 ;  3,  35 ;  O.  1,  48 ;  1,  41. 

The  omitted  subject  is  usually  indefinite. 

R.  3,  24  sapientia  iubet  augere  opes,  amplificare  divitias,  pro- 
ferre  finis. 

D.  1,  32  Tarquinius  autem  dixit  se  cogitasse  cotem  novacula 
posse  praecidi ;  turn  Attum  iussisse  experiri. 

Rhetorical  Writings— Brutus  15;  De  Orat.  1,  102;  1,  181;  2, 
80;  2,132;  2,326;  Orat.  157. 

De  Orat.  2,  80  alii  iubent,  antequam  peroretur,  ornandi  aut 
augendi  causa  digredi,  deinde  concludere  ac  perorare. 

Letters— Att.  2,  20,  1 ;  10,  12  b,  1 ;  11,  9,  2 ;  13,  17,  1. 

Att.  10,  12  b,  1  iubes  enim  de  profectione  mea  providere. 

Sallust — 3  instances  (a.  or  d.  3) 

J.  99,  1;  109,3;  C.  59,  1. 

J.  99,  1  is  an  instance  of  the  accusative  and  infinitive  passive 
and  the  simple  infinitive  active  depending  upon  the  same  verb, 
silentium  haberi  iubet,  ne  signa  quidem  ....  canere. 

Kritz,  Reisig,  and  others  regard  canere  at  C.  59, 1  as  intransitive, 
having  signa  as  its  subject,  haec  ubi  dixit,  paululum  conmoratus 
signa  canere  iubet.  Schmalz  is  of  the  same  opinion  with  regard 
to  J.  99,  1,  but  in  the  same  section  tubicines  signa  canere  iubet 
occurs. 

Nepos — 3  instances  (d.  1 — p.  2) 

9,4,1;  14,3,4;  18,  11,3. 

9,  4,  1  quibus  cognitis  rex  tantum  auctoritate  eius  motus  est,  ut 
Tissaphernem  hostem  indicarit  et  Lacedaemonios  bello  persequi 
iusserit. 

Vergil — 20  instances  (a.  20) 

E.4,  33;  6,86;  A.  1,  648 ;  2,3;  2,37;  2,186;  3,9;  3,88; 


16  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

3,  146 ;  3,  261 ;  3,  267  ;  3,  289  ;  3,  472 ;  4,  346  ;  5,  15  ;  5,  385  ; 
5,773;  8,498;  8,646;  12,584. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  in  every  instance  the  infinitive  is  active. 
E.  6,  86  and  A.  5,  773  are  instances  of  a  simple  infin.  act.  and 
an  accusative  and  infin.  pass,  depending  upon  the  same  verb. 
A.  5,  773  tris  Eryci  vitulos  et  Tempestatibus  agnam 

caedere  deinde  iubet  solvique  ex  ordine  funem» 
A.  3,  9  vix  prima  inceperat  aesta& 

et  pater  Anchises  dare  fatis  vela  iubebat. 
A.  3,  289 

linquere  turn  portus  iubeo  et  considere  transtris. 

Tibullus — 2  instances  (a.  2) 

2,  3,39 f.;  2,  4,53 f. 
2,4,  53  f 

quin  etiam  sedes  iubeat  si  vendere  avitas, 
ite  sub  imperium  sub  titulumque,  lares. 

Propertius — 2  instances  (a.  1 — p.  1) 
2,29,  11;  4,7,  91. 

4,  7,  91  ^ 

Luce  iubent  leges  Lethaea  ad  stagna  reverti. 

Horace —  9  instances  (a.  or  d.  9) 

C.  2,  3,  14;  2,  15,  19;  3,  21,  7;  3,  24,  42;  Ep.  1,  7,  14; 
S.  1,  6,  61 ;  1,  6,  93 ;  2,  7,  32. 

5.  1,  6,  61  Respondes,  ut  tuus  est  mos, 
pauca ;  abeo,  et  revocas  nono  post  mense  iubesque  esse  in  amicorum 
numero. 

Livy — 39  instances  (a.  or  d.  35 — p.  4) 

1,41,5;  2,12,14;  2,28,8;  2,56,10;  3,17,6;  3,22,6 
4,  17,  3 ;  6,  16,  1 ;  8,  32,  16 ;  9,  15,  5 ;  10,  9,  1 ;  10,  19,  12 
10,  20,  9  ;  10,  40, 14 ;  23,  5,  4 ;  23,  16, 12 ;  23,  45,  1 ;  24,  21,  8 
24,  31,  3  ;  26,  45,  9 ;  26,  50,  12 ;  27,  14,  2 ;  29,  5,  3  ;  29,  7,  6 
29,  27,  9 ;  30,  9,  6  ;  30,  34,  11 ;  32,  11,  7 ;  34,  37,  4 ;  34,  38,  5 
34,  39,  13 ;  39,  14,  6 ;  35,  34,  8 ;  40,  12,  2 ;  41,  3,  6 ;  42,  25,  9 
42,39,  6;  42,  59,  11;  42,66. 

3,  17,  6  Romule  pater,  tu  mentem  tuam,  qua  quondam  arcem 


? 


The  Construction  with  lubeo.  17 

ab  his  isdem  Sabinis  auro  captam  recepisti,  da  stirpe  tiiae,  iube 
banc  ingredi  viam,  quam  tu  dux,  quam  tuus  ingressus  exercitus  est. 

3,  22,  6  ipse  erat  medius  cum  legionibus  Romanis,  inde  siguum 
observare  iussit. 

From  this  number  a  deduction  must  be  made  if  in  the  following 
nine  passages  canere  is  regarded  as  being  intransitive;  10,  19,  12; 
10,  20,  9 ;  10,  40,  14 ;  23,  16,  12 ;  27,  14,  2 ;  where  signa  canere 
occurs,  29,  7,  6  ;  30,  34, 11 ;  34,  39, 13 ;  42,  59, 11  where  receptui 
<ianere  is  found. 

10,  19,  12;  10,  40,  14;  23,  16,  12;  42,  59,  11  are  instances  of 
the  simple  infinitive  active  and  an  accusative  and  infinitive  passive 
depending  upon  the  same  verb  if  canere  is  transitive. 

10,  19,  12  armis  arreptis  in  aciem  descendunt,  et  Volumnius 
fiigna  canere  ac  vexilla  efferri  castris  iussit. 

Besides  signa  canere  and  receptui  canere  already  mentioned,  Livy 
has  two  other  uses  of  this  verb,  i.  e.  cornicines  (or  tubicines)  canere 
2,  64,  10 ;  37,  29  etc.,  and  cani  receptui  26,  6,  7 ;  32,  42, 1  etc. 

Ovid — 23  instances  (a.  or  d.  18 — p.  5) 

F.  6,  688;  Tr.  2,1,25;  2,  1,468;  H.  4,  10;  7,  137;  19,80 
A.A.  1,318;  3,719;  E.A.  411;  M.  2,  41 ;  2,  466 ;  3,701 
5,646;  7,306;  7,716;  9,706;  11,350;  13,122;  13,217 
13,  677;  15,28;  15,  543;  14,  115. 

This  author  furnishes  some  of  the  best  examples  that  have  been 
found.     See  especially  M.  13,  216  f. 

Ecce  lovis  monitu,  deceptus  imagine  somni. 
Rex  iubet  incoepti  curam  dimittere  belli. 
M.  13,  677  f. 

Cumque  die  surgunt,  adeuntque  oracula  Phoebi : 
Qui  petere  antiquam  matrem  cognataque  iussit 
Litora. 
R.A.411 

Tunc  etiam  iubeo  totas  aperire  fenestras. 
Turpiaque  admisso  membra  notare  die. 

Curtius — 22  instances  (a.  10 — p.  11 — a.  and  p.  1) 

3,8,7;  3,12,7;  4,9,10;  4,15,19;  4,12,16;  5,2,15; 
5,2,18;  5,3,23;  5,4,12;  5,5,8;  5,12,15;  6,7,18;  7,1,12; 

2 


18  The  Construction  with  lubeo. 

7,  5,  31 ;  7,  8,  8  ;  7, 11, 14  ;  8,  2,  12  ;  8,  3,  5 ;  8,  14,  21 ;  9,  8,  9  ; 
9,  9,  14 ;  10,  4,  2. 

7,  5,  31  Postero  die  occurrentibus  Branchidis  secum  procedere 
iubet. 

8,  14,  21  Alius  iungere  aciem,  alius  dividere,  stare  quidam  et 
nonnulli  circumvehi  terga  hostium  iubebant. 

At  3,  8,  7 ;  3,  12,  7 ;  7,  8,  8  there  is  some  doubt  as  to  whether 
nuntiare  or  nuntiari  is  to  be  read. 

7,  8,  8  lamque  ad  transeundum  omnia  aptaverant,  cum  legati 
Scytharum,  more  gentis  per  castra  equis  vecti,  nuntiare  iubent  regi, 
velle  ipsos  ad  eum  mandata  perferre. 

On  these  passages,  see  Eger,  De  Infin.  Curt.  p.  48.  In  this 
same  study  Eger  gives  a  list  of  the  simple  infinitives  in  Curtius 
according  to  his  view,  which  differs  to  some  extent  from  that 
given  above. 

4,  12,  16  is  an  instance  of  the  accusative  and  infinitive  passive 
and  the  simple  infinitive  active  depending  upon  the  same  verb, — 
Alexander  cognito  pavore  exercitus  signum,  ut  consisterent,  dari^ 
ante  ipsos  arma  deponere  ac  levare  corpora  iubet. 

Petronius — 1  instance  (a.) 

91  Supprimere  ego  querellam  iubeo.  The  subject  is  easily 
supplied  from  the  context. 

Lucan — 8  instances  (a.  8) 

1,  589 ;  4, 149 ;  4,  510  ;  7, 349  ;  7,  575 ;  8, 41 ;  8,  520 ;  10,  348. 
7,574 

Ipse  manu  subicit  gladios  ac  tela  ministrat 
Adversosque  iubet  ferro  contundere  voltus. 
1,  589  and  10,  348  are  instances  of  a  simple  infinitive  active 
and  an  accusative  and  infinitive  passive. 
10,  348 

Tantum  animi  delicta  dabant,  ut  colla  ferire 
Caesaris  et  socerum  iungi  tibi,  Magne,  iuberet, 

The  Elder  Pliny— 21  instances  (a.  or  d.  8— p.  13) 

7,109;  7,152;  15,60;  15,67;  17,128;  18,228;  18,303; 
19,102;  20,25;  20,48;  20,85;  27,36;  28,11;  28,137; 
30,  51 ;  30,  62  ;  30,  137 ;  20, 139  ;  23, 156  ;  28,  144 ;  33, 140. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo.  19 

15,  60  M.  Varro  et  in  doliis  harenae  servari  iubet,  where  the 
subject  must  be  drawn  from  the  preceding  sentence. 

The  simple  infinitive  in  this  author  when  it  is  active  is  used 
principally  in  recipes,  and  iubeo  means  to  direct^  to  recommend 
rather  than  to  command.  In  these  instances  the  omitted  subject 
is  usually  indefinite,  being  the  person  or  persons  for  whose  benefit 
the  direction  is  given,  e.  g.  18,  303  sunt  qui  rubeta  rana  in  limine 
horrei  pede  e  longioribus  suspensa  invehere  iubeant. 

28,  137  medicorum  aliqui  admixto  anseris  adipe  taurorumque 
sebo  et  oesypo  ad  podagras  uti  iubent. 

33,  140  can  be  regarded  as  an  instance  where  the  subject  can 
readily  be  understood  from  the  nature  of  the  command,  Poppaea 
coniunx  Neronis  principis  soleas  delicatioribus  iumentis  suis  ex 
auro  quoque  induere. 

23, 156  and  28, 144  are  instances  of  an  accusative  and  infinitive 
passive  and  a  simple  infinitive  active. 

23, 156  quidam  ad  versus  scorpionum  ictus  decem  bacas  iubent . . . 
et  in  remedio  uvae  iacentis  quadrantem  pondo  bacarum  foliorumve 
decoqui  .  .  .  eam  calidam  gargarizare  et  .  .  .  conterere  et  calfacere, 
the  subject  being  indefinite. 

Martial — 4  instances  (a.  3 — d.  1) 

1,  46,  3 ;  3,  5,  10 ;  10,  5,  18 ;  12,  78,  2. 
12,  78,  2 

Nil  in  te  scripsi,  Bithynice.     Credere  non  vis 
Et  iurare  iubes  ?     Malo  satisfacere. 
1,  46,  3 

Cum  dicis  "  Propero,  fac  si  facis,"  Hedyle,  languet 

Protinus  et  cessat  debilitata  Venus. 
Expectare  iube :  velocius  ibo  retentus. 

Tacitus — 1  instance  (a.) 

H.  3,  80,  4  paucis  scuta  militaria,  plures  raptis  quod  cuique 
obvium  telis  signum  pugnae  exposcunt.  Agit  grates  Vitellius  et 
ad  tuendam  urbem  prorumpere  iubet. 

At  H.  1,  38,  13  the  text  is  in  doubt  (aperire  or  aperiri?).  If 
the  active  voice  is  correct  this  is  another  instance. 

Gerber  and  Greef  do  not  give  any  instance  of  the  simple  infini- 


20  The  Construction  with  luheo, 

tive.     H.  3,  80,  4  is  considered  an  instance  of  the  accusative  and 
infinitive. 

Juvenal — 1  instance  (a.) 

16,  134 

Mollissima  corda 
humano  generi  dare  se  natura  fatetur, 
quae  lacrimas  dedit ;  haec  nostri  pars  optima  sensus. 
plorare  ergo  iubet  casum  lugentis  amici 

Florus — 3  instances  (a.  2 — p.  1) 

1,  17  (1,  22,  3);  1,  45  (3,  10,  6);  2,  33  (4,  12,  59). 

1, 45  Aquitani,  callidum  genus,  in  speluncas  se  recipiebant;  iussit 
includi ;  morabantur  in  silvis  :  iussit  incendi. 

Suetonius — 2  instances  (a.  1 — p.  1) 

Aug.  24 ;  lul.  68. 

Aug.  24  ut  stare  per  totum  diem  iuberet  ante  praetorium,  referring 
to  centuriones  mentioned  some  lines  before. 

Gellius — 2  instances  (a.  1. — p.  1) 
6,  1,  11 ;  17,  9,  24. 

17,  9,  24  His  litteris,  quae  voluerat,  perscripsit,  hominem  postea, 
quoad  capillus  adolesceret,  domo  continuit.  Ubi  id  factum  est,  ire 
ad  Aristagoran  iubet. 

Tertullian — 1  instance  (a.) 
De  ieiunio  2. 

Arnobius — 1  instance  (a.) 

5, 27  obiectanturque  partes  illae  quas  pudor  communis  abscondere. 


SCRIPTORES   HiSTORIAE  AUGUSTAE. 

Ael.  Spartianus — No  instance. 
Jul.  Capitolinus     "  " 

Vul.  Gallicanus      "  " 

Tr.  Pollio  "         " 

Fl.Yopiscus  "         *' 

Ael.  Lampridius  2  instances  (p.  2) 
A.  S.  15,  4;  36,  2. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo.  21 

The  avoidance  by  these  six  authors  of  the  simple  infin.  is  note- 
worthy. Compare  with  this  small  total  (two)  the  one  hundred 
and  sixty-one  instances  of  the  ace.  and  infin.  in  the  same  authors. 

At  times  they  go  so  far  as  to  express  the  subject  when  it  is  not 
necessary,  e.  g.  Ael.  Spartianus  Hadr.  18,  7  servos  a  dominis  occidi 
vetuit  eosque  iussit  damnari  per  iudices. 

Juvencus — 1  instance  (a.) 

1,  107. 

Dictys — 3  instances  (a.  or  d.  3) 
2,35;  3,27;  5,11. 

2,  35  igitur  postquam  tempus  visum  est  et  omnes  in  armis 
nuntiabantur,  iubet  egredi. 

S.  Severus — 1  instance  (p.) 

V.  S.  M.  20,  5  ad  medium  fere  convivium,  ut  moris  est,  pateram 
regi  minister  obtulit.  Ille  sancto  admodum  episcopo  potius  dari 
iubet. 

Orosius — 1  instance  (a.) 

Adv.  Pag.  6,  5,  5  Mithridates  diu  ex  altissimo  muro  filium 
frustra  precatus,  .  .  .  exclamatur  fertur ; "  Quoniam  Pharnaces, 
inquit  mori  iubet. 

Sedulius — 2  instances  (a.  or  d.  2.) 
C.  2,197;  3,78. 

C.  3,  78  Tunc  Domini  praecepta  tremens  exire  iubentis 
Spiritus  infelix  hominem  non  audet  adire. 

Dares  Phrygius — No  instance, 

25  might  be  so  considered,  iubet  dicere  si  cui  quid  placeat. 

Vulgate — 4  instances  (a.  3 — p.  1) 

Tab.  6,  7;  I  Mach.  11,  23;  Math.  8,  18;  14,  9. 

Math.  8,  18  videns  autem  lesus  turbas  multas  circum  se,  iussit 
ire  trans  fretum. 


22  The  Construction  with  luheo. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  WITH   UT  OR  NE, 

Seventy-two  instances  of  the  subjunctive  with  ut  and  five  with 
ne  have  been  found.  These  are  distributed  through  twenty-three  ^ 
authors,  and  are  confined  to  no  period  or  department. 

In  the  majority  of  these  seventy-seven  instances  it  is  difficult, 
if  not  impossible,  to  find  a  valid  reason  for  the  use  of  the  sub- 
junctive rather  than  the  normal  construction.  There  are,  however, 
instances  where  a  cause,  more  or  less  satisfactory,  can  be  discovered. 

I.  The  dependence  of  the  subjunctive  upon  iubeo  is  in  several 
instances  indirect  and  slight,  owing  to  a  change  of  construction, 
from  the  infinitive  to  the  subjunctive,  the  infinitive  being  the 
construction  that  is  directly  dependent. 

To  this  class  belong  two  of  the  three  examples  in  Plautus  and 
five  of  the  eight  in  Livy;  Plautus  Poen.  4;  Pseud.  1150:  Livy 
9,  2,  2 ;  36,  1,  9 ;  38,  35,  9 ;  41,  15,  11 ;  43,  12,  9. 

This  change  of  construction  is  often  accompanied  by  a  change 
in  the  subjects  of  the  dependent  verbs,  that  is,  in  the  persons 
receiving  the  command.  This  is  the  case  in  the  two  Plautus 
examples  cited  above,  and  at  Livy  9,  2,  2 ;  41,  15,  11 ;  43,  12,  9. 

II.  When  the  command  is  that  of  a  sovereign  people  or  senate. 
To  this  class  belong  four  of  the  five  examples  in  Cicero  and 

seven  of  the  eight  in  Livy;^  Cicero  Verr.  2,  2,  161;  Dom.  44; 
47;  Pis.  72:  Livy  1,  17,  11;  28,  36,  1;  36,  1,  9;  38,  35,  9; 
38,54,3;  41,  15,11;  43,  12,  9.^ 

In  the  fifth  example  in  Cicero  (Verr.  2,  4,  28)  the  command 
is  that  of  a  governor,  the  representative  of  the  people,  while 
in  the  eighth  example  in  Livy  (9,  2,  2)  it  is  a  general  who  issues 
the  order. 

The  formula,  velitis  iubeatis  ut,  etc.,  occurs  at  Cicero  Dom.  44 ; 
47 ;  Pis.  72 :  Livy  38,  54,  3.  In  each  instance  this  is  really  a 
quotation.     See  also  Gell.  15,  19,  9. 

1  See  p.  44  for  a  table  giving  a  comprehensive  view,  and  pp.  24-33  where  the 
examples  are  cited  under  the  respective  authors. 

'  Macrob.  3, 17,  7,  and  Oros.  Adv.  Pag.  4,  18,  9  might  be  included  in  this  class. 

'It  is  to  be  noted  that  four  of  the  examples  in  Livy  (36,  1,  9;  38,  35,  9;  41, 
15, 11 ;  43,  12,  9)  belong  to  I  as  well  as  to  II. 


The  Construction  with  luheo,  23 

III.  Where  the  construction  is  probably  influenced  by  that 
which  is  used  with  other  verbs  of  commanding,  e.  g.,  impero. 
This  would  seem  to  be  the  case  when  the  dative  (of  the  person 
receiving  the  command)  occurs. 

These  instances  are  Tac.  Ann.  13,  40,  10;  Jul.  Cap.  Max.  Duo 

3,  1 ;  Fl.  Vopisc.  Prob.  14,  4 ;  Dictys  2,  35 ;  Yulg.  Gen.  42,  25 ; 
Dan.  3,  20.^ 

IV.  Three  of  the  Script.  Hist.  August,  use  the  subjunctive  at 
times  with  the  formulae,  litter  as  dedit  quibus  iusserat,  misit  litter  as 
quibus  iussitj  referimus  litteras  quibus  iubetur^  etc. 

Examples  of  this  are  afforded  by  Jul.  Cap.  CI.  A.  2,  1 ;  Ael. 
Lamprid.  A.  H.  13,  6;  Fl.  Vopisc.  Aurel.  19,  1. 

Horace's  single  instance  (S.  1,  4,  121)  is  probably  due  to 
metrical  convenience,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  VergiPs  single 
instance  (E.  5,  15).  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  both  here 
and  in  the  single  example  of  the  simple  subjunctive  in  this  author 
(A.  10,  53)  it  is  an  imperative  form  of  iubeo,  iubeto,  that  is  used. 
At  Fl.  Vopisc.  Aurel.  14,  7  also  an  imperative  form  of  iubeo  occurs. 

The  remaining  forty-six  examples  of  this  construction ;  thirty- 
one  having  been  cited  in  the  preceding  pages,  are  Plant.  Amph. 
205;  Curt.  5,  13,  19;  8,  1,  38;  Lucan  9,  896;  Suet.  Tiber.  22 
Frag.  De  Vir.  Illust.  103;  Gell.  20,  4,  3 ;  Tertull.  De  bapt.  18 
Ael.  Spart.  Hadr.  16,  1 ;  Pesc.  10,  6 ;  10,  7;  Sever.  5,  5;  23,  6 
Jul.  Cap.  M.  Ant.  11,  4;  Gord.  29,  6 ;  M.  et  B.  10,  2;  10,  3 
A.  Lamprid.  A.-S.  22,  8 ;  26,  3 ;  52,  4 ;  A.  H.  13,  5 ;  29,  7 
Fl.  Vopisc.  Sat.  9,  1 ;  F.  Matern.  28,  11 ;  Lactant.  Div.  Instit 

4,  27,  12;  6,  19,  8;  7,  26,  8;  Juvenc.  2,  145;  St.  Aug.  Cont 
Ep.  Fund.  5;  14;  Cont.  Fans.  12,  36;  22,  70;  Cont.  Felix  2 
20;  Macrob.  C.  2,  1,  10;  Oros.  Adv.  Pag.  4,  22,  2;  6,  18,  24 
Lib.  Apol.  26,  4;  26,  5;  Vulgate  I  Par.  21,  17;  II  Par.  29,  27 
I  Esdr.  6,  17 ;  Jud.  13,  11 ;  Esth.  1,  17  ;  4,  10 ;  13,  6 ;  Isa.  38, 
21 ;  Dan.  13,  32. 

It  will  be  observed  that  all  of  these  except  the  Amphitruo 
example  occur  in  late  writers.  It  is,  therefore,  probable  that  in 
some  of  these  the  subjunctive  is  due  to  the  influence  of  such  verbs 
as  impero,  praecipio,  etc.     Coordination,  too,  has  doubtless  been 

^  See  also  the  forty-six  unclassified  instances  on  this  page. 


24  The  Construction  with  lubeo. 

a  factor.  See  also  the  five  examples  of  ne  and  the  subjunctive 
among  the  above;  Sueton.  Frag.  103 ;  Ael.  Spart.  Peso.  10,  7;  A. 
Lamprid.  A.-S.  22,  8 ;  Fl.  Vopisc.  Sat.  9,  1 ;  F.  Matern.  28,  11. 
Still,  Curtius'  use  of  the  subjunctive  with  ut  twice  and  the 
infinitive  three  hundred  and  twenty  times  is  remarkable,  as  is 
also  Suetonius'  use  of  the  subjunctive  twice,  the  infinitive  sixty- 
four  times. 

Studies  in  Detail  of  the  Authoks  Using  the 
Subjunctive  with  ut  or  ne. 

Plautus — 3  instances. 

Amphit.  205;  Poen.  4;  Pseud.  1150. 
Poen.  4 

"  Sileteque  et  tacete  atque  animum  adv6rtite : 
Audire  iubet  vos  Imperator  " — hlstricus, 
Bon6que  ut  animo  sedea<n>t[e]  in  subselliis, 
Et  qui  esurientes  6t  qui  saturi  ven^rint. 
Pseud.  1150 

H6c  tibi  erus  me  itissit  ferre  P61ymachaerop]dgides, 
Qu6d  deberet,  dtque  ut  mecum  mltteres  Phoenlcium. 
Amphit.  205 

Con  tin  uo  Amphitruo  d6legit  vir6s  primorum  prlncipes. 
Eos  legat ;  Telebols  iubet  sententiam  ut  dicdnt  suam. 

In  the  Poenulus  and  Pseudolus  passages  the  dependence  of  the 
subjunctive  upon  iubeo  is  indirect,  as  there  is  a  change  of  con- 
struction, from  the  accusative  and  infinitive  to  the  subjunctive, 
the  infinitive  in  each  instance  coming  first. 

There  is  also  change  in  the  subject  of  the  dependent  verbs.  In 
the  Poenulus  passage  Iubet  is  a  variant  for  iubet. 

Cicero — 5  instances. 

Verr.  act.  2,  2,  161 ;  act.  2,  4,  28 ;  Dom.  44 ;  47 ;  Pis.  72. 

Verr.  2,  2,  161  Centuripinorum  senatus  decrevit  populusque 
iussit,  ut,  quae  statuae  C.  Verris  ipsius  et  patris  eius  et  filii  essent, 
eas  quaestores  demoliendas  locarent. 

Verr.  2,  4,  28  hie  tibi  in  mentem  non  venit  iubere,  ut  haee 
quoque  referret. 


The  Co7istruction  with  lubeo.  25 

Dom.  44  quaero  enim  quid  sit  aliud  proscribere :  velitis  iiibeatis 
ut  M.  Tullius  in  civitate  ne  sit  bonaque  eius  ut  mea  sint. 

Dom.  47  At  quid  tulit  legum  scriptor  peritus  et  callidus? 
velitis  iubeatis  ut  M.  Tullio  aqua  et  igni  interdicatur  ? 

Pis.  72  At  hoc  nusquam  opinor  scriptum  fuisse  in  illo  elogio, 
quod  te  consule  in  sepulcro  rei  publicae  incisum  est :  velitis 
iubeatis,  ut,  quod  M.  Cicero  versum  fecerit,  sed  quod  vindicarit. 

At  Verr.  2,  2,  16  L ;  Dom.  44;  47;  Pis.  72,  the  command  is 
an  expression  of  the  will  of  a  sovereign  people,  while  in  the  fifth 
passage,  Verr.  2,  4,  28,  it  is  that  of  a  governor,  the  representative 
of  a  sovereign  people. 

In  three  of  the  passages,  Dora.  44 ;  47 ;  Pis.  72,  the  formula, 
velitis  iubeatis  ut,  occurs. 

Cicero's  use  of  this  construction  is  confined  to  the  orations, 
though  an  instance  is  found  by  some  at  Att.  13,  32,  3  by  reading 
iussi  instead  of  misi. 

Caesar.  Corpus — No  instance. 

Merguet,  Hoffmann  and  others  cite  B.  G.  viii,  52,  5  as  an 
instance  of  the  subjunctive  with  we,  reading,  quod  ne  fieret, 
consules  amicique  Pompei  iusserunt. 

For  iusserunt  Holder  conjectures  intercesserunt,  and  Madvig 
evicerunt,  and  the  latter  is  found  in  Meusel,  Kraner,  Kubler, 
Dob.  Dint.,  and  has  been  followed  here. 

Bell.  Hisp.  27,  4  is  often  cited  as  an  instance,  the  conventional 
reading  being,  ita  castris  motis  Ucubim  Pompeius  praesidium, 
quod  reliquit,  iussit  ut  incenderent  et  deusto  oppido  in  castra 
maiora  se  reciperent. 

Wolfflin,  Arch.  6,  434,  attacks  the  subjunctive,  and  would 
insert  in  its  stead  the  infinitive,  which  is  found  in  the  codex 
Ashburnhamensis.     This,  then,  is  at  best  a  doubtful  instance. 

Vergil — 1  instance. 

Eel.  5,  15 

Tu  deinde  iubeto  ut  certet  Amyntas. 

Note  the  imperative  form,  and  compare  the  single  instance 
(A.  10,  53)  of  the  simple  subjunctive  in  this  author,  where  the 
same  form  is  found. 


26  The  Construction  with  lubeo. 

For  the  accusative  and  infinitive  after  imperative  forms  of 
iubeo,  see  A.  7,  430 ;  10,  242,  etc. 

Horace — 1  instance. 
S.  1,  4,  121 

Sic  me 
formabat  puerum  dictis,  et  sive  iubebat 
ut  facerem  quid. 

This  single  instance,  compare  the  thirty-seven  instances  of  the 
infinitive  in  this  author,  may  be  due  to  metrical  convenience. 

Livy — 8  instances. 

1,  17,  11 ;  9,  2,  2;  28,  36,  1 ;  36,  1,  9 ;  38,  35,  9 ;  38,  54,  3 ; 
41,  15,  11 ;  43,  12,  9. 

In  five  passages  (9,  2,  2;  36,  1,  9 ;  38,  35,  9;  41,  15,  11 ;  43, 
12,  9)  the  dependence  of  the  subjunctive  upon  iubeo  is  indirect,  as 
there  is  change  of  construction,  from  the  infinitive  to  the  subjunc- 
tive, the  infinitive  being  directly  dependent. 

9,  2,  2  inde  ad  Calatiam  ....  milites  decem  pastorum  habitu 
mittit,  pecoraque  ....  procul  Romanis  pascere  iubet  praesidiis ; 
ubi  inciderint  in  praedatores,  ut  idem  omnibus  sermo  constet. 

36,  1,  9  Alter  consul  ....  cum  Boiis  iussus  bellum  gerere  utro 
exercitu  mallet  ex  duobus,  quos  superiores  consules  habuissent, 
alterum  ut  mitteret  Romam,  eaeque  urbanae  legiones  essent  paratae 
quo  senatus  censuisset. 

Note  the  infinitive,  then  the  subjunctive  with  ut,  then  the  sub- 
junctive alone. 

38,  35,  9  Comparare  inter  se  aut  sortiri  iussi,  et  novos  exercitus, 
binas  legiones  scribere,  et  ut  sociis  Latini  nominis  quina  dena  milia 
peditum  imperarent. 

41,  15,  11  M.  Titinius  et  T.  Fonteius  proconsules  manere  .... 
in  Hispania  iussi ;  et  ut  in  supplementum  his  tria  milia  civium 
Romanorum  ....  mitterentur. 

43,  12,  9  in  classem  mille  socii  navales  cives  Romani  libertini 
ordinis,  ex  Italia  quingenti  scribi  iussi,  totidem  ut  ex  Sicilia 
scriberentur. 

In  three  of  these  (9,  2,  2 ;  41,  15,  11 ;  43,  12,  9)  there  is  also 
a  change  of  the  subject  of  the  dependent  verb. 


:3ITY 

The  Construction  with  lubeo,  27 

The  remaining  three  instances  are  : 

1,  17,  11  Adeo  id  gratum  plebi  fuit  ut,  ne  victi  beneficio  vide- 
rentur,  id  modo  sciscerent  iuberentque,  ut  senatus  decerneret  qui 
Romae  regnaret. 

28,  36,  1  Magoni  ....  paranti  traicere  in  Africam  nuntiatum 
ab  Carthagine  est  iubere  senatura  ut  classem  quam  Gadibus 
baberet,  in  Italiam  traiceret ;  conducta  ibi  Gallorum  ac  Ligurum 
quanta  maxima  posset  iuventute  coniungeret  se  Hannibali,  neu 
senescere  bellum  ....  sineret. 

38,  54,  3  fuit  autem  rogatio  talis,  velitis  iubeatis,  Quirites,  .... 
uti  de  ea  re  Ser.  Sulpicius  ....  ad  senatum  referat. 

Note  the  formula,  velitis  iubeatis  ut 

In  each  of  these  eight  instances,  except  9,  2,  2,  the  command  is 
the  expression  of  the  will  of  a  people  or  senate. 

Ovid — No  instance. 

At  H.  1,  101  the  subjunctive  is  explanatory  of  hoc,  rather  than 
dependent  upon  iubeo. 

Di,  precor,  hoc  iubeant,  ut  euntibus  ordine  fatis 
Ille  meos  oculos  conprimat. 

Curtius — 2  instances. 

6,13,  19;  8,1,38. 

6, 13, 19  tria  ferme  milia  resistentia  occisa  sunt,  reliquum  agmen 
pecudum  more  intactum  agebatur  iubente  rege,  ut  caedibus  absti- 
neretur. 

8,  1,  38  dolorem  tamen  rex  pressit,  contentus  iussisse,  ut  con- 
vivio  excederet. 

Compare  with  this  total  of  two  the  three  hundred  and  twenty 
instances  of  the  infinitive  with  iubeo  in  this  author. 

Petronius — No  instance. 

74  has  been  cited  as  an  example ;  occidi,  however,  seems 
necessary.  See  the  texts  of  Buecheler  and  Friedlander,  dicto 
citius  de  vicinia  gallus  allatus  est,  quem  Trimalchio  occidi  iussit, 
ut  aeno  coctus  fieret. 

Lucan — 1  instance. 

9,  896  Natura  locorum 

Iussit,  ut  inmunes  mixtis  serpentibus  essent. 


28  .  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

Tacitus — 1  instance. 

A.  13,  40,  10  recepta  inter  ordines  impedimenta,  et  tergum 
mille  equites  tuebantur,  quibus  iusserat,  ut  instantibus  comminus 
resisterent. 

Note  the  dative,  which  is  probably  responsible  for  this  single 
instance  of  the  subjunctive,  and  compare  the  one  hundred 
and  forty-eight  instances  of  the  infinitive  with  iubeo  in  this 
author. 

On  the  dative  with  iubeo  see  Draeg.  Syn.  d.  Tac.  23;  Nipperdey 
to  Ann.  4,  72,  3 ;  Landgraf.  n.  to  Keisig  369. 

Suetonius — Subjunc.  with  ut — 1  instance. 

Tiber.  22. 

Subjunc.  with  ne — 1  instance. 

Fragm.  DeVir.  Illust.  103. 

Tiber.  22  hunc  tribunus  militum  custos  appositus  occidit,  lectis 
codicillis,  quibus  ut  id  faceret  iubebatur. 

Note  the  expression,  lectis  codicillis,  and  compare  the  somewhat 
similar  expressions  at  lul.  Capitol.  CI.  A.  2,  1  litteras  dederat, 
quibus  iusserat;  Ael.  Lamprid.  A.  H.  13,  6  litteras  quibus  iussit; 
Flav.  Vopisc.  Aurel.  19,  1  litteras  quibus  iubetur. 

Fragm.  De  Yir.  Illustr.  103  Graeci  autem  et  Tusci  primum 
ferro  in  ceris  scripserunt,  postea  Romani  iusserunt,  ne  graphium 
ferreum  quis  haberet. 

Gellius — 1  instance. 

20,  4,  3  Misit  ei  verba  haec  ex  Aristotelis  libro  exscripta,  qui 
....  inscriptus  est,  iussitque,  uti  ea  cotidie  lectitaret. 

In  the  passage  quoted  at  5,  19,  9  the  formula,  velitis  iubeatis 
uti,  occurs. 

Tertullian — 1  instance. 

De  bapt.  18  quern  rursus  spiritus  ut  se  curriculo  eunuchi 
adiungeret  iussit. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  the  person  receiving  the  command  is 
expressed  in  the  accusative. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo.  29 


SCEIPTORES    HiSTORIAE  AUGUSTAE. 

Ael.  Spartianus — Subjunc.  with  ut — 4  instances. 

Hadr.  16,  1 ;  Sev.  5,  5 ;  23,  6  ;  Peso.  10,  6. 
Subjunc.  with  ne — 1  instance. 

Pesc.  10,  7. 

Hadr.  16,  1  famae  ....  tarn  cupidus  fuit  ut  libros  vitae  suae 
ecriptos  a  se  libertis  suis  litteratis  dederit  iubens,  ut  eos  suis 
nominibus  publicarent. 

Sev.  5,  5  legatis  ....  missis,  qui  inherent  ut  ah  eo  milites 
senatu  praecipiente  discederent. 

Sev.  23,  6  sed  cum  videret,  se  perurgueri  sub  hora  mortis, 
iussisse  fertur,  ut  alternis  diebus  apud  filios  imperatores  in  cubi- 
culis  Fortuna  poneretur. 

Pesc.  10,  6  iussit,  ut  denorum  gallinaceorum  pretia  provinciali 
redderent  decern. 

Pesc.  10,  7  idem  iussit,  ne  zona  milites  ad  helium  ituri  aureos 
vel  argenteos  nummos  portarent. 

Julius  Capitolinus — 7  instances. 

Max.  Duo  3,  1 ;  M.  Ant.  Phil.  11,  4;  21,  5;  CI.  Albin.  2,  1 ; 
Gord.  29,  6 ;  M.  et  B.  10,  2 ;  10,  3. 

Max.  Duo  3,  1  iussitque  statim  tribuno  ut  eum  coherceret  ac 
Komanam  disciplinam  inbueret. 

Note  the  dative. 

At  M.  Ant.  Phil.  21,  5  there  is  a  change  of  construction, 
subjunctive  with  ut,  then  ferenda,  then  subjunctive  with  ut 
again. 

Iussitque,  ut  statuae  tantummodo  filio  mortuo  decernerentur,  et 
imago  aurea  circensibus  per  pompam  ferenda,  et  ut  saliari  carmini 
nomen  eius  insereretur. 

CI.  Albin.  2,  1  litteras  dederat,  quibus  iusserat,  ut  Caesar  esset. 

M.  Ant.  Phil.  11,  4  temperavit  etiam  scaenicas  donationes 
iubens,  ut  quinos  aureos  scaenici  acciperent. 

Gord.  29,  6  sed  cum  milites  fame  vincerentur,  imperium 
Philippo  mandatum  est,  iussumque  a  militibus,  ut  quasi  tutor 
eius  Philippus  cum  eodem  Gordiano  pariter  imperaret. 


30  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

M.  et  B.  10,  2  iussum  tunc  tamen,  ut  omnia  ex  agris  in  civitates 
colligerentur. 

M.  et  B.  10,  3  iussumque,  ut  quicumque  Maxirainum  iuuisset 
in  hostium  numero  duceretur. 

Aelius  Lampridius — Subjunct.  with  ut — 5  instances. 

Anton.  Heliogab.  13,  5 ;  13,  6 ;  29,  7 ;  A.-S.  26,  3 ;  62,  4. 
Subjunct.  with  ne — 1  instance. 

A.  S.  22,  8. 

Anton.  Heliogab  13,  5  iussitque,  ut  trucidaretur  iuuenis  optimus. 

A.  H.  13,  6  misit  et  ad  milites  litteras  quibus  iussit  ut  abro- 
garetur  nomen  Caesaris  Alexandro. 

A.  H.  29,  7  si  ins  autem  displicuisset,  iubebat,  ut  semper  id 
comesset,  quamdiu  tamen  melius  inveniret. 

A.  S.  26,  3  postea  tamen  iussit  ut  semisses  acciperent. 

A.  S.  52,  4  iussitque  ut  ante  tribunum  quattuor  milites  ambu- 
larent. 

A.  S.  22,  8  sed  iussit,  ne  quis  suminatam  occideret. 

Flavins  Yopiscus — Subjunct.  with  ut — 3  instances. 

Aurel.  14,  7 ;  19,  1 ;  Prob.  14,  4. 

Subjunct.  with  ne — 1  instance. 

Saturn.  9,  1. 

Aurel.  14,  7  iube  igitur,  ut  lege  agatur. 

Note  the  imperative  form  of  iubeo. 

Aurel.  19,  1  referimus  ....  litteras,  quibus  iubetur  ut  inspi- 
ciantur  fatales  libri. 

Prob.  14,  4  dicitur  iussisse  his  acrius,  ut  gladiis  non  uterentur. 

Note  the  dative  and  compare  Jul.  Capitol.  Max.  Duo  3,  1. 

Saturn.  9,  1  Aurelianus  iusserat  ne  Saturninus  Aegyptum 
uideret. 

Vulcatius  Gallicanus — No  instance. 
Trebellius  Pollio — No  instance. 

The  number  (twenty-two)  of  instances  of  the  occurrence  of  this 
construction  in  these  authors  is  noteworthy,  being  nearly  one-third 
of  the  whole  number  (seventy-five)  found  in  all  the  authors  that 
have  been  examined. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  31 

Even  here,  however,  the  prevailing  construction  is  the  infini- 
tive, there  being  one  hundred  and  seventy-four  instances  of  that. 

The  number  of  instances  of  ne,  too,  is  quite  large,  being  three 
out  of  a  total  of  five. 

It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  these  authors  furnish  no  example 
of  the  simple  subjunctive. 

With  regard  to  the  voice  of  the  dependent  verb,  it  is  to  be 
observed  that  when  this  is  a  subjunctive  the  proportion  is  act. : 
pass.  :  14  : 8,  whereas  when  it  is  an  infinitive  it  is  act.  :  pass.  : 
37  :  137. 

The  verb  of  commanding  which  comes  next  in  order  of  fre- 
quency of  occurrence  in  these  authors  is  praecipio,  and  their  use 
of  it  shows  a  decided  departure  from  the  normal  construction, 
the  subjunctive  with  utj  there  being  twenty-one  instances  of  the 
accusative  and  infinitive,  and  but  one  of  the  subjunctive. 

Impero  is  used  almost  entirely  with  the  meaning  of  "  to  rule  " 
or  "to  reign,'^  being  followed  by  a  dependent  clause  but  three 
times,  whereas  there  are  one  hundred  and  eight  instances  of  its 
use  with  the  meaning  given  above.  This  meaning  is  found  in  all 
of  the  anthors  alike,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  figures : 

Ael.  Spartianus — 16  instances. 

Jul.  Capitolinus    28        " 

Vul.  Gallicanus      2        " 

Fr.  Pollio,  31        " 

Ael.  Lampridius     8        " 

Fl.  Vopiscus         23        " 

Firmicus  Maternus — 1  instance  of  the  subjunctive  with  ne. 

28,  11  ne  hunc  colas,  ne  hunc  supplices  ....  interdicto  vene- 
randae  legis  iubetur. 

Lactantius — 3  instances. 

Div.  Instit.  4,  27,  12  iubeat  utriusque  sacerdos  dei  sui  nomine 
ut  nocens  ille  spiritus  excedat  ex  homine. 

7,  26,  8  deo  iubente  ut  quieti  ac  silentes  arcanum  eius  in  abdito 
atque  intra  nostram  conscientiam  teneamus. 

6,  19,  8  qui  iubet  uti  maledicis  et  laedentibus  non  irascamur. 

Juvencus — 1  instance. 

2,  145  Hinc  iubet,  ut  summo  tradant  gustanda  ministro. 


32  The  Construction  with  luheo. 

Dictys  Cretensis — 1  instance. 

2,  35  quod  ubi  animadvertit,  Hector  coactus  necessitate  militibus 
ut  apud  arma  essent  iubet. 

Note  the  dative. 

St.  Augustine — 5  instances. 

Contra  Ep.  Fund.  V,  14;  Contra  Faus.  xii,  36;  xxii,  70; 
Contra  Felix  ii,  20. 

C.  E.  F.  V,  14  infirmabis  mihi  catholicorum  auctoritatem,  qui 
iubent  ut  tibi  non  credam. 

C.  Faus.  XII,  70  dominus  iussit  ut  ferrum  discipuli  eius  ferrent, 
sed  non  iusserat  ut  ferirent. 

Macrobius — 2  instances. 
S.  3,  17,  7 ;  C.  2,  1,  10. 

5.  3,  17,  7  Licinia  lex  lata  est  a  P.  Licinio  Crasso  Divite,  cuius 
ferundae  probandaeque  tantum  studium  ab  optimatibus  impensum 
est,  ut  consulto  senatus  iuberetur,  ut  ea  tantum  modo  promulgata 
priusquam  trinundino  confirmaretur. 

C.  2,  1,  10  quos  cum  ferientium  viribus  adscribendos  putaret, 
iubet,  ut  inter  se  malleolos  mutent. 

Orosius — 5  instances. 

Adv.  Pag.  4,  18,  9;  4,  22,  2;  6,  18,  24;  Lib.  Apol.  26,  4; 
26,5. 

Adv.  Pag.  4,  18,  9  iussusque  a  Carthaginiensibus,  ut  fratri  cum 
copiis  iungeretur,  magna  secum  auxilia  ....  deduceret, 

4,  22,  2  Carthaginiensibus  evocatis  iussisque  ut  arma  et  naves 
traderent. 

6,  18,  24  Ventidium  Syriae  praefecit  iussitque  ut  Antigone 
bellum  in  ferret. 

Vulgate — 11  instances. 

Gen.  42,  25;  I  Par.  21,  17;  II  Par.  29,  27;  I  Esdr.  5,  17; 
lud.  13,  11;  Esth.  1,  17;  4,  10;  13,  6;  Isa.  38,  21;  Dan.  3, 
20;  13,32. 

The  dative  is  found  at  Gen.  42,  25,  and  Dan.  3,  20. 

Gen.  42,  25  iussit  ministris,  ut  implerent  eorum  saccos  tritico  et 
reponerent  pecunias  singulorum  in  saculis  suis. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  33 

Dan.  3,  20  Et  viris  fortissimis  de  exercitu  suo  iiissit,  ut  ligatis 
pedibus  Sidrach,  Misach,  et  AbedDago,  mitterent  eos  in  fornacem 
ignis  ardentis. 

SIMPLE  SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Thirty-seven  instances  in  eleven  authors.  See  table  on  page 
45  and  the  studies  in  detail  of  the  various  authors,  pages  35-41. 

It  is  probable  that  the  so-called  simple  subjunctive  with  iubeo 
was  not  in  the  beginning  dependent  upon  that  verb,  but  was 
coordinate  in  construction  and  jussive  in  force.  Such  a  supposi- 
tion finds  support  in  the  fact,  that  in  every  instance  (in  the  authors 
examined)  down  to  Livy,  this  subjunctive  occurs  with  an  impera- 
tive form  of  iubeo,  iube  nine  times,  iubeto  once,  and  that  in  a 
total  of  thirty-seven  instances  seventeen,  or  nearly  one-half,  follow 
imperative  forms  of  this  verb. 

In  course  of  time  the  idea  of  coordination  was  lost  sight  of, 
and  the  subjunctive  was  regarded  as  being  dependent  upon  iubeo, 
the  construction  being  further  influenced  by  that  which  was  used 
with  such  verbs  as  impero,  praecipio,  etc. 

The  seventeen  instances  referred  to  are  the  following : 

Plautus,  Men.  955;  Most.  930;  Persa  605;  Kud.  708;  Stich. 
396.     Five  out  of  a  total  of  five  instances  in  this  author. 

Terence,  Haut.  736 ;  Eun.  691 ;  Ad.  914.  Three  out  of  a 
total  of  three. 

Catullus  32,  3.   The  single  instance  in  the  author. 

Vergil,  A.  10,  53.    The  single  instance. 

Ovid,  M.  F.  58,  A.  A.  1,  507,  M.  8,  792;  11,  587;  11,  627; 
A.  1,  4,  29  ;  1, 11, 19.    Seven  out  of  a  total  of  eleven  occurrences. 

It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  these  authors  use  the  infinitive 
also  with  imperative  forms  of  iubeo ;  e.  g.,  Plautus  at  Most.  467  ^ 
Mil.  255  ;  1093  ;  Pseud.  1054 ;  Stich.  335  ;  620,  etc.  Terence  at 
And.  546  ;  Haut.  585,  etc.    Vergil  at  A.  7,  430 ;  10,  242,  etc. 

In  seven  of  the  remaining  twenty  instances  of  this  construction 
the  dependence  of  the  subjunctive  upon  iubeo  is  indirect,  inasmuch 
as  there  is  a  change  of  construction,  from  the  infinitive  to  the 
subjunctive,  the  infinitive  in  each  instance  being  the  construction 
that  is  directly  dependent. 
3 


34  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

.These  are  Livy  3,  27,  3-4;  24,  10,  3;  31,  8,  8;  31,  11,  10; 
35,  5,  3 ;  40,  30,  4.  Six  instances  out  of  a  total  of  seven  ^  in 
this  author,  and  Tacitus,  H.  4,  34,  16,  one  in  a  total  of  four. 

This  change  in  the  mood  of  the  dependent  verb  is  in  several 
cases  accompanied  by  a  change  in  the  person,  i.  e.,  the  subjects, 
which  is  additional  evidence  that  the  dependence  is  indirect.  This 
is  the  case  at  Livy  3,  27,  3-4 ;  24,  10,  3 ;  31,  8,  8.     See  page  37. 

In  four  of  the  eleven  ^  examples  in  Ovid,  the  remaining  seven 
occurring  after  imperative  forms  of  iubeo  as  has  been  already 
stated,  the  subjunctive  is  probably  due  to  metrical  convenience. 
These  are  P.  3,  1,  141;  M.  4,  111;  F.  4,  259;  A.  A.  2,  261. 
See  page  38. 

At  Tacitus,  Ann.  13,  15,  7,  the  person  receiving  the  command 
is  in  the  dative  case.  See  page  40,  and  compare  the  single 
instance  (Ann.  13,  40,  10)  in  this  author  of  ut  and  the  subjunctive 
with  iubeo,  where  also  the  dative  occurs. 

For  details  with  regard  to  the  remaining  seven  instances  of  this 
construction  in  the  authors  examined  (Tac.  Ann.  12,  49,  14;  H. 
2,  46,  4;  Persius  5,  161 ;  Curt.  6,  4,  1 ;  9,  4,  23;  Suet.  Yitell. 
14 ;  Tertul.  De  idol.  14),  see  the  special  studies  of  those  authors. 

The  dependent  subjunctive  is  usually  in  the  third  person,  there 
being  thirty  instances  of  this,  as  compared  with  two  of  the  first 
and  five  of  the  second. 

It  is  to  be  observed  also  that  in  every  instance  it  is  in  the 
active  voice,  and  that  the  form  of  iubeo  is  active  thirty-one  times. 

The  simple  subjunctive  is  used  less  widely  than  the  subjunctive 
with  ut  (so  far  as  the  authors  that  have  been  examined  are  con- 
cerned), occurring  as  it  does  only  thirty-seven  times,  as  compared 
with  seventy-seven  instances  of  the  latter,  and  in  eleven  authors 
as  compared  with  twenty-three. 

Besides  being  of  less  frequent  occurrence,  it  disappears  earlier, 
TertuUian  being  the  last  of  these  authors  to  use  it.  See  page  44 
for  table  showing  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  with  ut. 

An  idea  of  the  range  of  the  two  constructions  may  be  obtained 
from  the  following : 

^At  42,  37,  2,  the  remaining  example,  the  text  is  in  doubt.     See  page  37. 
'If  the  subjunctive  is  to  be  read  at  A.  1,  4,  60,  a  twelfth  example  is  found. 
See  page  39. 


Ihe  Consi7'uction  with  lubeo.  35 

Authors  that  use  both;  Plautus, Vergil,  Livy,  Curtius,  Tacitus, 
Suetonius,  Tertullian. 

Authors  that  use  the  subjunctive  with  ut  or  ne,  but  not  the 
simple  subjunctive  :  Cicero,  Horace,  Lucan,  Gellius,  Aelius  Sparti- 
anus,  Julius  Capitolinus,  Aelius  Lampridius,  Flavins  Vopiscus, 
F.  Maternus,  Lactantius,  Juvencus,  Dictys,  St.  Augustine,  Macro- 
bius,  Orosius,  Vulgate. 

Authors  using  the  simple  subjunctive,  but  not  the  subjunctive 
with  ut  or  ne;  Terence,  Catullus,  Ovid,  Persius. 

Studies  in  Detail  of  the  Authors  using  the 
Simple  Subjunctive. 

Plautus — 5  instances. 

Men.  955 ;  Most.  930 ;  Persa  605  ;  Rud.  708  ;  Stich.  396. 

Men.  955  tu  seru6s  iube  /  Htinc  ad  me  ferdnt. 

Most.  930  Ctirriculo  iube  in  tirbem  ueniat  idm  simul  tectim. 

Persa  605  Itibedum  ea  hoc  acc6dat  ad  me. 

Rud.  708  iiibe  modo  accedat  prope. 

Stich.  396  I  intro,  Pinacitim,  iube  famulos  rem  diuinam  mi 
Apparent. 

It  will  be  observed  at  once  that  an  imperative  form,  iube,  occurs 
in  each  instance,  indicating  that  the  subjunctive  is  coordinate  rather 
than  dependent. 

For  instances  of  the  accusative  and  infinitive  after  imperative 
forms  of  iubeo,  see  Most.  467;  Mil.  255;  1093;  Pseud.  1054; 
Stich.  335 ;  620,  etc. 

Tu  seruos  iube,  etc..  Men.  955,  by  anticipation  for  iube  serui 
tui  ferant.  Cf.  Stich.  396,  where  also  the  person  receiving  the 
command  is  in  the  accusative. 

For  remarks  upon  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  at  these  places, 
see  Brix  to  Men.  955 ;  Sonnens.  to  Rud.  708 ;  Lorenz  to  Most. 
918  ;  Wag.  to  Men.  955. 

Terence — 3  instances. 

Haut.  737;  Eun.  691;  Ad.  914. 
H.  737 

Bacchis,  mdne,  mane :  quo  mittis  istam  qua^so 

lube  mdneat. 


36  The  Construction  with  luheo, 

Eun.  691 

Eho  tu,  emin  ego  te?  Do.  Emisti.  Py.  lube  mi  denuo 
Resp6ndeat. 

Ad.  914 

Ego  lepidus  ineo  gratiam  iube  ntinciam 
Dintimerel  ille  Babylo  uiginti  minas. 

As  was  the  case  in  Plautus,  it  is  an  imperative  form  of  iubeo 
that  occurs  in  each  instance. 

The  accusative  and  infinitive  after  imperative  forms  of  iubeo 
occur  at  And.  546  ;  H.  586,  etc. 

At  And.  914  iube  dinumeret  =  dinumerato.  Cf.  Rud.  708, 
iube  modo  accedat  =  just  let  him,  and  Haut.  737  iube  maneat  = 
tell  her  she  must  stay. 

Bentley  found  a  fourth  instance  of  the  simple  subjunctive  at 
And.  412,  reading  obseruarem  for  obseruare. 

For  remarks  upon  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  at  these  places, 
see  Spengl.  to  Ad.  914;  Bentley  to  Ad.  914;  Dziat.  to  Ad.  914, 
who  compares  the  use  of  the  subjunctive  with  fac,  facito,  sine. 

Catullus — 1  instance. 

32,  3  Meae  deliciae,  mei  lepores, 

lube  ad  te  ueniam  meridiatum. 

Caesar.  Corpus — No  instance. 

Bellum  Alex.  73,  3  has  frequently  been  cited  as  an  instance, 
hue  omnem  comportatum  aggerem  ex  castris  seruitia  agerent 
iussit,  but  the  correct  reading  is  yet  a  matter  of  doubt.  The 
codices  have  agerentur,  Nipperdey,  agerent.  Madvig  proposed 
gererent,  while  others  have  an  infinitive,  e.  g..  Winter,  who  reads 
agere,  and  Hoffmann,  who  has  aggerere.  The  passage  is  cited  by 
Draeger,  H.  S.  2,  p.  287,  as  an  example  of  the  simple  subjunctive 
in  the  Caesarean  corpus. 

Since  there  is  so  much  doubt,  it  has  been  considered  best  not  to 
regard  this  as  an  instance  of  the  simple  subjunctive. 

Yergil — 1  instance. 

A.  10,  53  Magna  dicione  iubeto 

Karthago  premat  Ausonian. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo.  37 

Compare  the  single  instance  (E.  5,  15)  of  the  subjunctive  with  u 
in  this  author,  where  the  same  form,  iubeto,  is  found. 

Livy — 7  occurrences. 

3,  27,  3-4;  24,  10,  3;  31,  8,  8 ;  31,  11,  10;  35,  5,  3 ;  40,  30, 
4 ;  42,  37,  2. 

3,  27,  3-4  tum  quicumque  aetate  militari  essent,  armati  cum 
cibariis  in  dies  quinque  coctis  vallisque  duodenis  ante  solis  occa- 
sum  martio  in  campo  adessent ;  quibus  aetas  ad  militandum  gravior 
esset,  vicino  militi,  dum  is  arma  pararet  vallumque  peteret,  cibaria 
coquere  iussit. 

24,  10,  3  iussique  in  provinciis  manere,  Ti.  Gracchus  Luceriae, 
.  .  .  .  C  Terentius  Varro  in  agro  Piceno,  M.  Pomponius  in  Gallico, 
et  praetores  prioris  anni  pro  praetoribus  Q.  Mucins  obtineret 
Sardiniam,  M.  Valerius  ad  Brundisium  orae  maritimae  intentus 
ad  versus  omnes  motus  Philippi  Macedonum  regis  praeesset. 

35,  5,  3  equites  earum  extra  aciem  in  locum  patentem  Q.  et  P. 
Minucios  tribunos  railitum  educere  iussit,  unde,  cum  signum 
dedisset,  impetum  ex  aperto  facerent. 

42,  37,  2  Decimius  missus  est  ad  Gentium  regem  Illyriorum, 
quem  si  aliquem  respectum  amicitiae  cum  populo  Romano  habere 
cerneret,  temptaret(?)  aut  etiam  ad  belli  societatem  perliceret  (?) 
iussus. 

In  all  of  these  seven  passages  except  42,  37,  2,  where  it  is 
uncertain  whether  the  infinitive  or  subjunctive  should  be  read, 
the  dependence  of  the  subjunctive  upon  iubeo  is  indirect,  inas- 
much as  there  is  a  change  of  construction,  subjunctive  with 
infinitive,  the  infinitive  in  each  instance  being  the  construction 
that  is  directly  dependent.  In  some  of  the  passages,  the  force 
of  iubeo  has  practically  been  lost  sight  of. 

At  3,  27,  3-4 ;  24,  10,  3 ;  31,  8,  8  there  is  also  a  change  in  the 
subject  of  the  dependent  verbs. 

As  to  the  reading  at  42,  37,  2,  whether  infinitive  or  subjunctive, 
see  Weissenborn's  critical  note  ad  loc. 

30,  19,  2  ;  32,  16,  8;  42,  39,  16  ;  44,  2,  5  which  have  some- 
times been  regarded  as  instances  of  this  construction,  have  not  been 
so  regarded  in  this  investigation.  See  Weissenborn's  text  and 
critical  notes. 


38  The  Construction  with  lubeo, 

Ovid — 11  instances. 

M.  F.  58  ;  A.  A.  1,  507  ;  2,  261 ;  M.  4,  111 ;  8,  792  ;  11,  587  ; 
11,  627 ;  A.  1,  11,  19 ;  1,  4,  29  ;  P.  3,  1,  141 ;  F.  4,  259. 

In  seven  of  these  an  imperative  form  of  iubeo  occurs,  iube  at 
M.  F.  58  ;  A.  A.  1,  507  ;  M.  8,  793  ;  11,  587 ;  11,  627  ;  iubeto  at 
A.  1,4,  29;  1,11,19; 

M.  F.  58 

Haec  ubi  ventosas  fuerint  siccata  per  auras, 
Lenta  iube  scabra  frangat  asella  mola : 

A.  A.  1,  507 

Ista  iube  faciant,  quorum  Cybeleia  mater 
Concinitur  Phrygiis  exululata  modis. 

M.  8,  792  Ea  se  in  praecordia  condat 

Sacrilegi  scelerata,  iube. 

A.  1,  4,  29 

Quod  tibi  miscuerit,  sapias,  bibat  ipse,  iubeto  : 

A,  1,  11,  19 

Nee  mora,  perlectis  rescribat  multa,  iubeto : 

M.  11,  587 

Vise  soporiferam  Somni  velociter  aulam, 
Exstinctique  iube  Ceycis  imagine  mittat 
Somnia  ad  Alcyonen  veros  narrantia  casus. 

M.  11,  627 

Somnia,  quae  veras  aequent  imitamine  formas, 
Herculea  Trachine  iube  sub  imagine  regis 
Alcyonen  adeant. 

In  the  remaining  four  instances  (P.  3, 1, 141 ;  M.  4,  111 ;  F.  4, 
259 ;  A.  A.  2,  261)  the  subjunctive  is  the  last  word  in  the  verse,  m 
in  the  second  person,  and  is  probably  used  for  metrical  convenience, 

P.  3,  1,  141 

Nee  rursus  iubeo,  dum  sit  vacuissima,  quaeras. 


The  Construction  with  lubeo,  39 

M.  4,  111  Ego  te,  miseranda,  peremi, 

In  loca  plena  metus  qui  iussi  nocte  venires. 
F.  4,  259 

"  Mater  abest ;  Matrem  iubeo,  E-omane,  requiras. 

A.  A.  2,  261 

Nee  domiuam  iubeo  pretiosa  munere  dones : 

A.  1,  4,  60,  Separor  a  domina  nocte  iubente  mea,  is  another 
instance  if  separer  instead  of  separor  is  read.  If  the  subjunctive 
is  read,  it  differs  from  the  other  eleven  instances  in  that  it  neither 
depends  upon  an  imperative  form  of  iubeo,  nor  is  it  used  for 
metrical  convenience.  Moreover,  the  person  receiving  the  com- 
mand is  in  the  accusative.  The  dependent  verb  too,  is  in  the  first 
person,  whereas  it  is  invariably  in  the  third  or  second  in  the  other 
instances. 

Instances  of  the  subjunctive  without  ut  after  other  verbs  of 
commanding  are  to  be  found  e.  g.  M.  1,  670  and  13,  658,  where 
impero  is  the  verb ;  M.  14,  23  and  A.  1,  11,  17,  where  mando  is 
used,  etc. 

Persius — 1  instance. 

5,  161        "Dave,  cito,  hoc  credas  iubeo,  finire  dolores 

praeteritos  meditor "  crudum  Chaerestratus  unguem 
adrodens  ait  etc. 

Curtius — 2  instances. 

6,  4,  1  summa  militum  alacritatem  iubentium,  quocumque 
velle  duceret,  oratio  excepta  est. 

9,  4,  23  non  alias  tam  alacer  clamor  ab  exercitu  est  redditus 
iubentium,  duceret  dis  secundis  aequaretque  gloria,  quos  aemu- 
laretur. 

At  6,  4,  1     ducere  is  a  variant  reading. 

It  is  a  coincidence  that  iubentium  is  the  form  in  each  of  the  two 
instances. 

Tacitus — 4  instances. 

H.  2,  46,  4 ;  4,  34,  16;  Ann.  12,  49,  14;  13,  15,  7. 

H.  2,  46,  4  non  expectavit  militum  ardor  vocem  imperatorem ; 
bonum  haberet  animum  iubebant ; 


40  The  Construction  with  lubeo. 

H.  4,  34,  16  in  conspectu  castrorum  constitui  signa  fossamque 
et  vallum  circumdari  Vocula  iubet :  depositis  inpediHaentis  sarcin- 
isque  expediti  certarent. 

The  dependence  of  the  subjunctive  is  indirect,  following  as  it 
does  the  accusative  and  infinitive,  which  is  directly  dependent. 

Ann.  12,  49,  14  igitur  propere  montem  Taurum  transgressus 
moderatione  plura  quam  vi  composuerat,  cum  rediret  in  Suriam 
iubetur. 

Redire  is  a  variant  reading  for  rediret.  See  Halm's  critical  note 
ad  loc. 

Ann,  13,  15,  7  ubi  Britannico  iussit  exsurgeret  progressusque 
in  medium  cantum  aliquem  inciperet. 

Note  the  dative,  and  compare  the  single  instance  of  the  sub- 
junctive with  ut  (Ann.  13,  40, 10)  after  iubeo  in  this  author,  where 
also  the  dative  is  found. 

Suetonius — 1  instance. 

Yitell.  14  exacerbatus,  quod  post  edictum  suum,  quo  iubebat 
intra  Kl.  Oct.  urbe  Italiaque  mathematici  excederent. 

It  is  possible  that  the  subjunctive  is  due  to  the  words,  edictum 
suum.  Compare  the  seventy-one  instances  of  the  infinitive  with 
iubeo  in  this  author. 

Vesp.  23  has  not  been  considered  an  instance,  ponere  et  being  a 
better  reading  than  poneret  or  ponerent,  nuntiantis  legatos,  decretam 
ei  publice  non  mediocris  summae  statuam  colosseam,  iussit  vel 
continuo  ponere,  et  cavam  manum  ostentans  et  paratam  basim 
dicens. 

Tertullian — 1  instance. 

De  idol.  14  sed  idem  alibi  iubet,  omnibus  placere  curemus,  where 
the  subjunctive  may  be  taken  as  being  wholly  independent  of  iubet. 

Scriptores  Historiae  Augustae — No  instance. 

At  Ael.  Spartianus  Hadr.  25, 1,  iussam  iterum  Hadriano  eadem 
dicerGt(?),  which  has  sometimes  been  cited,  dicere  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred.    See  Peter's  text. 

At  Ael.  Lampridius,  A.  S.  26,  3  ut  should  be  read,  postea  tamen 
iussit  ut  semisses  acciperent.     See  Peter's  text. 


The  Construction  with  luheo. 


41 


n.  Vopiscus,  Tac.  6,  1,  though  sometimes  cited,  is  not  an 
instance,  as  the  subjunctive  is  independent  of  iubeo.  "Ecquis 
melius  quam  senex  imperat  ? "  dixerunt  decies.  "  Imperatorem 
te,  non  militem  facimus,"  dixerunt  vicies.  "Tu  iube,  milites 
pugnent,"  dixerunt  tricies. 

When  compared  with  their  rather  liberal  use  of  the  subjunctive 
with  ut  after  iubeo,  the  absence  of  the  simple  subjunctive  in  these 
authors  is  surprising. 

TABLE 

Showing  the  Use  of  Iubeo  with  the  Accusative  and 
Infinitive  and  with  the  Passive  and  Infinitive. 


ACCUSATIVE  AND 
INFINITIVE. 

Plautus 179  instances 

Terence 30        " 

Ennius 1         '' 

Lucretius 0        " 

Oatullus 2 

Caesar 168 

B.  G.  VIII 3       " 

B.Alex 15 

B.Afr 37 

B.  Hisp 5 

Cicero 304 

Auct.  ad  Heren 5        " 

Sallust 38 

Nepos 20 

Vergil 40 

Tibullus 9 

Propertius 17        '' 

Horace 20 

Livy 713        " 

Vitruvius 9        '' 

Ovid  98        " 

Phaedrus 14        " 

Persius 2        " 


PASSIVE  AND 

INFINITIVE. 

No  instance 

1 

it 

0 

<( 

0 

iC 

0 

(i 

4 

a 

0 

(( 

0 

t( 

0 

a 

0 

« 

42 

(( 

0 

<i 

5 

(( 

2 

n 

5 

(( 

0 

ic 

0 

(( 

8 

a 

301 

it 

0 

({ 

19 

<( 

1 

u 

1 

(( 

42 


The  Construction  vdth  luheo. 


Curtius 243  instances 

Petronius. 50  " 

Lucan 37  " 

Pliny,  Elder 133  " 

Martial 44  " 

Tacitus 149  " 

Juvenal 21  " 

Florus 18  " 

Suetonius 52  " 

Gellius 29  " 

Ampelius 1  " 

Tertullian 8  " 

Arnobius 11  " 

Ael.  Spartianus 34  " 

Jul.  Capitolinus 38  "  • 

V.  Gallicanus 7  " 

Tr.  Pollio 14  " 

Ael.  Lampridius 49  " 

Fl.  Vopiscus 19  " 

F.  Maternus 7  " 

Lactantius.. 24  " 

Juvencus 35  " 

Eutropius 15  " 

Dictys 20  " 

Amm.  Marcellinus 82  " 

S.  Severus 41  " 

Aurel.  Victor 17  " 

Ps.Aurelian 13  " 

St.  Augustine 38  " 

Porphyrio 7  " 

Macrobius 25  " 

Orosius 38  " 

Sedulius 23  " 

Dares  Phrygius 21  " 

Vulgate 88  " 

3180 


55  instances 

2 

a 

12 

(( 

9 

a 

8 

« 

37 

a 

10 

tc 

6 

(€ 

12 

(( 

4 

u 

1 

u 

3 

{( 

3 

a 

3 

u 

6 

(C 

0 

u 

0 

tc 

2 

it 

0 

u 

0 

{( 

1 

a 

1 

(C 

4 

<t 

2 

u 

41 

(C 

1 

(( 

1 

u 

2 

u 

15 

<( 

2 

u 

5 

tc 

11 

cc 

10 

a 

0 

cc 

3 

cc 

661 


The  Construction  with  lubeo. 


43 


TABLE 


Showing  the  Use  op  Iubeo  with  the  Simple  Infinitive. 


A.  OR  D.* 

p.*           A.  AND  P.*       TOTAL 

Plautus 

25 

13 

38 

Terence 

5 

8 

13 

Caesar 

6 

2 

I               9 

Bel.  Alex 

1 

...             . 

1 

Bel.  Afr 

1 

... 

1 

Bel.  Hisp 

1 

1 

Cicero 

41 

i 

49 

Sallust 

3 

"i 

3 

Nepos 

1 

3 

Yergil 

20 

... 

20 

Tibullus 

2 

...         . 

2 

Propertius 

1 

1 

2 

Horace 

9 

...         • 

9 

Livy 

35 

4 

39 

Ovid 

18 

5 

23 

Curtius , 

10 

11 

I             22 

Petronius 

1 

1 

Lucan 

8 

... 

8 

Pliny,  Eld 

8 

13 

21 

Martial 

4 

••• 

4 

Tacitus 

1 

.. . 

1 

Juvenal 

1 

... 

1 

Florus             .        

2 

1 
1 

3 

Suetonius 

1 

2 

Gellius 

1 

1 

2 

Tertullian 

1 

1 

Arnobius 

1 

1 

Ael.  Lampridius 



2 

Juvencus 

1 

1 

Dictys 

3 

3 

S.  Severus 

,,, 

1 

Orosius 

1 

1 

Sedulius..,.,.,... 

2 

"i 

2 

Vulgate 

3 

4 

218 


74 


294 


*a.  or  d.  indicates  that  the  infin.  is  active  or  deponent;  p.  that  it  is  passive 
a.  and  p.  that  there  is  an  act.  and  pass,  infin. 


44 


The  Construction  with  lubeo. 


TABLE 

Showing  Use  of  Iubeo  with  Ut  and  Ne 
AND  THE  Subjunctive. 


Author.  No.  of  Examples. 

Plautus 3 

Cicero 5 

Vergil 1 

Horace 1 

Livy 8 

Curtius 2 

Lucan 1 

Tacitus 1 

Suetonius 2 

Gellius 1 

Tertullian , 1 

Ael.  Spartianus 5 

Jul.  Capitolinus 7 

Ael.  Lampridius 6 

Fl.  Vopiscus 4 

F.  Maternus 1 

Lactantius 3 

Juvencus 1 

Dictys 1 

Augustine 6 

Macrobius 2 

Orosius 5 

Vulgate 11 

77 


The  Construction  with  lubeo. 


45 


TABLE 

Showing  Use  of  the  Simple  Subjunctive. 


a 

6               I 

c 

c 

c 

d 

d 

TOTAL 

A             P                     1 

2 

3 

A 

P 

Plautus 

..      6 

5 

.                   ... 

5 

5 

Terence 

..      3 

3 

.                   ... 

3 

3 

Catullus 

1 

.. . 

1 

Vergil 

. 

1 

1 

Livy 

. 

7 

2 

5 

Ovid 

..    11 

11 

. 

4 

7 

11 

Persius 

.                   ... 

1 

... 

1 

Curtius 

. 

... 

2 

2 

Tacitus 

. 

... 

4 

3 

Suetonius.... 

. 

... 

1 

1 

Tertullian... 

1 

... 

... 

1 

37 

37 

2 

5 

30 

31 

6 

a,  total  number  of  examples  in  the  author;    6,  voice  of  the  subjunctive; 
c,  person  of  the  subjunctive ;  d,  voice  of  iubeo. 


VITA 


I  was  born  on  July  11,  1867,  at  Selma,  Alabama,  and  my  early 
education  was  received  in  the  schools  of  that  place.  In  the  fall  of 
1884  I  entered  the  University  of  Alabama,  from  which  institution  I 
was  graduated  in  1887  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  and  in 
1888  with  that  of  Bachelor  of  Laws.  After  teaching  for  several  years 
I  entered  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  October,  1894.  During  the 
next  three  years  I  pursued  graduate  courses  in  Latin,  Greek,  and 
Sanskrit,  receiving  successively  the  appointments  of  University  Scholar 
and  Fellow  in  Latin.  My  work  was  done  under  the  direction  of 
Professors  Warren,  Gildersleeve,  Bloomjfield,  and  Smith,  to  whom  I  am 
under  lasting  obligations  for  inspiration,  encouragement,  and  advice. 

In  February,  1898,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy  was  conferred 
upon  me  by  the  University. 

W.  B.  Saffold. 


I 


/ 


